Amakalishi esitimela esinesivinini esiphezulu ashiselwe kusetshenziswa izinto ze-aluminium. Eminye imigqa yesitimela esinesivinini esikhulu idlula ezindaweni ezibandayo ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi afinyelela ku-30 ​​kuya ku-40 degrees Celsius. Amanye amathuluzi, amathuluzi, nezinto eziphilayo emikhunjini yocwaningo yase-Antarctic zenziwe ngezinto ze-aluminium futhi zidinga ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphansi elifinyelela ku-60 kuya ku-70 degrees Celsius. Imikhumbi yezimpahla yamaShayina esuka e-Arctic iya e-Europe iphinde isebenzise umshini othile owenziwe ngezinto ze-aluminium, kanti ezinye zichayeka emazingeni okushisa aphansi afinyelela ku-50 kuya ku-60 degrees Celsius. Ingabe bangakwazi ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile emakhazeni anjalo? Ayikho inkinga, ama-alloys e-aluminium kanye nezinto ze-aluminium abesabi ukubanda okukhulu noma ukushisa.

I-aluminium ne-aluminium alloys yizinto ezinhle kakhulu ezisezingeni eliphansi lokushisa. Azibonisi ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi njengensimbi evamile noma ama-nickel alloys, abonisa ukwehla okukhulu kwamandla kanye ne-ductility emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Kodwa-ke, ama-alloys e-aluminium ne-aluminium ahlukile. Azibonisi noma yimuphi umkhondo wokushisa okuphansi kwe-brittleness. Zonke izakhiwo zabo zemishini zikhuphuka kakhulu njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha. Lokhu akuxhomekile ekwakhiweni kwendawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingxubevange ye-aluminium ehlanganisiwe noma ingxubevange ye-aluminium ekhandiwe, ingxube ye-powder metallurgy, noma into eyinhlanganisela. Iphinde izimele esimeni sokubalulekile, noma ngabe isesimweni njengoba icutshungulwa noma ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa. Ayihlobene nenqubo yokulungiselela ingot, noma ngabe ikhiqizwa ngokusakazwa nokugingqika noma ukusakaza nokugingqika okuqhubekayo. Futhi ayihlobene nenqubo yokukhipha i-aluminium, okuhlanganisa i-electrolysis, ukunciphisa i-carbon thermal, kanye nokukhishwa kwamakhemikhali. Lokhu kusebenza kuwo wonke amazinga okuhlanzeka, kusukela ku-aluminium yenqubo enobumsulwa obungu-99.50% kuya ku-99.79%, i-aluminium ehlanzekile kakhulu ene-99.80% kuya ku-99.949% ubumsulwa, i-aluminium ehlanzekile kakhulu enobumsulwa obungu-99.950% kuya ku-99.9959%, ​​nobumsulwa obudlulele obungu-09%. kuya ku-99.9990% ubumsulwa, kanye ne-ultra-high-purity aluminium enobumsulwa obungaphezu kuka-99.9990%. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izinsimbi ezimbili ezikhanyayo, i-magnesium ne-titanium, nazo azibonisi ukuqina kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.

Izici zomshini zama-alloys e-aluminium avame ukusetshenziswa ezinqoleni zesitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu kanye nobudlelwano bazo nezinga lokushisa kuboniswa kuthebula elingezansi.

Izinqola zesitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu zisebenzisa izinto ze-aluminium ezifana ne-Al-Mg series 5005 alloy plates, 5052 alloy plates, 5083 alloy plates, kanye namaphrofayili; Al-Mg-Si uchungechunge 6061 ingxubevange amapuleti kanye amaphrofayili, 6N01 amaphrofayli ingxubevange, 6063 ingxubevange amaphrofayli; Uchungechunge lwe-Al-Zn-Mg 7N01 amapuleti alloy namaphrofayili, amaphrofayili angama-7003 wealloy. Ziza ngezimo ezijwayelekile: O, H14, H18, H112, T4, T5, T6.

Kusuka kudatha esethebulani, kuyabonakala ukuthi izakhiwo zemishini yama-alloys e-aluminium ziyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha. Ngakho-ke, i-aluminiyamu iyisakhiwo esihle kakhulu esinezinga lokushisa eliphansi elifanele ukusetshenziswa emathangeni e-rocket low-temperature fuel (i-liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen), imikhumbi yokuthutha ye-liquefied natural gas (LNG) kanye namathangi asogwini, iziqukathi zomkhiqizo wamakhemikhali ezisezingeni eliphansi, indawo yokugcina ebandayo. , amaloli afakwe esiqandisini, nokunye.

Izingxenye zesakhiwo sezitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu ezigijima eMhlabeni, okuhlanganisa ikalishi nezingxenye zesitimela, zonke zingenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-alloys e-aluminium akhona. Asikho isidingo sokucwaninga ingxubevange entsha ye-aluminium yezakhiwo zamakalishi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezibandayo. Kodwa-ke, uma i-alloy entsha engu-6XXX esebenza cishe ngo-10% ngaphezu kwe-alloy engu-6061 noma ingxubevange engu-7XXX esebenza kukonke cishe ngo-8% ngaphezu kwengxube ye-7N01 ingase ithuthukiswe, lokho kungaba impumelelo enkulu.

Okulandelayo, ake sixoxe ngezitayela zokuthuthukiswa kwama-alloys e-aluminium yenqola.

Ku-curukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kokuqashwa kwezinqola zesitimela, amapuleti e-alloy anjenge-5052, 5083, 5454, kanye ne-6061 asetshenziswa, kanye namaphrofayili angeziwe afana ne-5083, 6061, ne-7N01. Amanye ama-alloys amasha afana no-5059, 5383, no-6082 nawo ayasetshenziswa. Wonke akhombisa ukushisela okuhle kakhulu, izintambo zokushisela ngokuvamile zingama-alloys angu-5356 noma angu-5556. Vele, i-friction stir welding (FSW) iyindlela ethandwayo, njengoba ingagcini nje ngokuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokushisela kodwa futhi iqeda isidingo sezintambo zokushisela. Ingxubevange yase-Japan engu-7N01, nokwakheka kwayo kwe-Mn 0.200.7%, Mg 1.0U-2.0%, kanye no-Zn 4.0~5.0% (konke ku-%), uthole ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ekwenziweni kwezimoto zikaloliwe. I-Germany yasebenzisa amapuleti engxubevange angu-5005 ukukhiqiza izindonga eziseceleni zamakalishi anesivinini esikhulu iTrans Rapid futhi yasebenzisa ama-6061, 6063, kanye nama-6005 alloy extrusions kumaphrofayili. Kafushane, kuze kube manje, i-China kanye namanye amazwe abambelele kakhulu kulawa ma-alloys okukhiqiza izitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ama-Aluminium Alloys eNqwembeni egijima ku-200km/h~350km/h

Singahlukanisa ama-alloys enqola ye-aluminium ngokusekelwe isivinini sokusebenza kwezitimela. Ama-alloys esizukulwane sokuqala asetshenziselwa izimoto ezinesivinini esingaphansi kuka-200km/h futhi angama-alloys avamile asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukukhiqiza amakalishi ezimoto zikaloliwe zasemadolobheni, njenge-6063, 6061, kanye nama-alloys angu-5083. Izingxube ze-aluminium zesizukulwane sesibili ezifana ne-6N01, 5005, 6005A, 7003, kanye ne-7005 zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza izinqola zezitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu ezinesivinini esisuka ku-200km/h siye ku-350km/h. Ama-alloys esizukulwane sesithathu ahlanganisa i-6082 nama-aluminium alloys ane-scandium.

I-Scandium-Containing Aluminium Alloys

I-Scandium ingesinye sezihlungi zokusanhlamvu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ze-aluminium futhi sithathwa njengento ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono izakhiwo ze-aluminium alloy. Okuqukethwe kwe-scandium ngokuvamile kungaphansi kuka-0.5% kuma-alloys e-aluminium, futhi ama-alloys aqukethe i-scandium ngokuqoqiwe abizwa ngokuthi ama-aluminium-scandium alloys (Al-Sc alloys). Ama-al-Sc alloys anikeza izinzuzo ezinjengokuqina okuphezulu, i-ductility enhle, ukushisela okuhle kakhulu, nokumelana nokugqwala. Zisetshenziswa ezintweni ezehlukene, okuhlanganisa imikhumbi, izimoto zasemkhathini, ama-reactors, kanye nemishini yokuzivikela, okuwenza abe isizukulwane esisha sama-alloys e-aluminium alungele izakhiwo zezimoto zikaloliwe.

I-Aluminium Foam

Izitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esiphezulu zibonakala ngemithwalo ye-asidi ye-asidi, ukusheshisa okuvamisile nokwehla, nokusebenza okugcwele ngokweqile, okudinga ukuthi ukwakheka kwenqola kube nesisindo esincane ngangokunokwenzeka ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana nezimfuneko zamandla, ukuqina, ukuphepha, nokunethezeka. Ngokusobala, amandla akhethekile aphezulu egwebu le-aluminium ekhanyayo, i-modulus ethize, nezici zokuswakama okuphezulu zihambisana nalezi zidingo. Ucwaningo lwangaphandle kanye nokuhlolwa kokusetshenziswa kwegwebu le-aluminium ezitimeleni ezinesivinini esikhulu kubonise ukuthi amashubhu ensimbi agcwele igwebu le-aluminium anamandla okumunca amandla angama-35% kuya ku-40% aphezulu kunamashubhu angenalutho kanye nokwanda okungama-40% kuya ku-50% kumandla aguquguqukayo. Lokhu kwenza izinsika zenqola nama-partitions aqine kakhulu futhi angabi lula ukuwa. Ukusebenzisa igwebu le-aluminium ukuze kufakwe amandla endaweni yebhafa yangaphambili yesitimela kuthuthukisa amandla okumunca umthelela. Amaphaneli e-Sandwich enziwe ngegwebu le-aluminium eliwugqinsi elingu-10mm kanye namashidi amancane e-aluminium alula ngo-50% kunamapuleti ensimbi asekuqaleni kuyilapho ekhulisa ukuqina izikhathi ezingu-8.